Cetirizine is a second-generation antihistamine used in the treatment of hay fever, allergies, angioedema, and urticaria. It is a major metabolite of hydroxyzine, and a racemic selective H1 receptor inverse agonist.
Availability
Formerly prescription-only in the USA and Canada, cetirizine is now available over-the-counter in both countries[2] as Zyrtec and Reactine, respectively. Zyrtec was the highest-grossing new non-food product of 2008 in the US, generating sales of $315.9 million.[3] It is also available as a generic drug.
In Turkey, Australia and New Zealand, Zyrtec is available
over-the-counter in pharmacies and in the UK and The Netherlands
cetirizine can be sold in limited quantities off-the-shelf in any outlet
and is often available in supermarkets. As of 2009, Germany made many generic drugs containing cetirizine available in pharmacies without prescription.[4] Norway, Sweden,[5] Finland, Poland and Israel also recognize Cetirizine as an over-the-counter
medicine. In India, it is sold over-the-counter as brand-name "CTZ"
(formerly called "Cetzine"), even though it remains classified as a Schedule H (prescription) drug.[6] India also classifies Cetirizine as an OTC drug, and uses it as an alternative to Pheniramine (Avil) which is no longer provided OTC in India.
Pharmacology
Cetirizine crosses the blood–brain barrier only slightly, reducing the sedative side-effect common with older antihistamines.[7] It has also been shown to inhibit eosinophil chemotaxis and LTB4 release. At a dosage of 20 mg, Boone et al. found that it inhibited the expression of VCAM-1 in patients with atopic dermatitis.[8] Unlike many other antihistamines, Cetirizine does not exhibit anticholinergic properties.[9]
Administration method and metabolism
Chewable, non-chewable, and syrup forms of cetirizine are similarly
absorbed rapidly and effectively, with absorbed food minutely affecting
the absorption rate which yields a peak serum level one hour after
administration;[10]
in a study of healthy volunteers prescribed 10 mg tablets, once daily
for 10 days, a mean peak serum level of 311 ng/mL was observed.[11]
The metabolic effects of cetirizine are long acting, remaining in the
system for a maximum of 21 hours before being excreted; the average
elimination half-life is 8 hours. About 70% of the drug is removed
through urination, of which half is observed as unchanged cetirizine
compound. Another 10% is excreted.[10][11]
Like many other antihistamine medications, cetirizine is commonly prescribed in combination with pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, a decongestant. These combinations are marketed using the same brand name as the cetirizine with a "-D" suffix (Zyrtec-D, Virlix-D, etc.)
Indications
Allergies
Cetirizine's primary indication is for hay fever and other allergies.
Because the symptoms of itching and redness in these conditions are
caused by histamine acting on the H1 receptor, blocking those receptors
temporarily relieves those symptoms.
Cetirizine is also commonly prescribed to treat acute and (in particular cases) chronic urticaria, more efficiently than any other second-generation antihistamine. It is preferred over diphenhydramine
in many countries because, while being as effective as it for treating
hives-related skin diseases, cetirizine does not affect the regular
functioning of the brain.
Rhinovirus infection
Interleukin 6 and interleukin 8 have been shown to be elevated in acute respiratory distress syndrome.[12] Cetirizine contains L- and D-stereoisomers. Chemically, levocetirizine is the active L-enantiomer
of cetirizine. One recent study of airway epithelial cells showed that
Levocetirizine may have beneficial effects on the pathophysiologic
changes related to human rhinovirus (HRV) infection.[13] Airway inflammation caused from a cytokine storm secondary to acute respiratory distress syndrome could also theoretically benefit.
Kimura's disease
Cetirizine is an effective agent in treating the symptoms of Kimura's disease,
which mostly occurs in young Asian men, affecting the lymph nodes and
soft tissue of the head and neck in the form of tumor-like lesions.
Cetirizine's properties of being effective both in the treatment of pruritus (itching) and as an anti-inflammatory agent make it suitable for the treatment of the pruritus associated with these lesions.[14] In a 2005 study, the American College of Rheumatology conducted treatments initially using prednisone, followed by steroid dosages and azathioprine, omeprazole, and calcium and vitamin D supplements over the course of two years.[14] The skin condition of the patient began to improve and the skin lesions lessened. However, there were symptoms of cushingoid and hirsutism
observed before the patient was removed from the courses of steroids
and placed on 10 mg/day of cetirizine to prevent skin lesions;[14] an agent suitable for the treatment of pruritus associated with such lesions.[14] Asymptomatically, the patient's skin lesions disappeared after treatment with cetirizine, blood eosinophil counts became normal,[14] corticosteroid effects were resolved,[14] and a remission began within a period of two months.[14]
It is also thought that the inhibition of eosinophils may be the key to
treatment of Kimura's disease due to the role of eosinophils, rather
than other cells with regards to the lesions of the skin.[14]
Side effects
Dryness of the mouth, nose and throat, drowsiness, urinary retention,
blurred vision, nightmares and headaches are commonly reported side
effects of this drug (in over 40% of the patients). Stomach aches are
usually rare, but mostly present in patients with lactose intolerance.[15] Cetirizine does not block the action of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, even though these side effects can occur in some patients. Also, cetirizine does not have antidopaminergic properties. In 2012, the FDA added cetirizine in Drugs to Watch List for oculogyric crisis.[16]
Patients report that going off the drug can cause intense itching and hives.[17][18]
Synthesis
The following synthesis of this compound was reported in 1985:[19]
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